The Smaller Distribution on the Left?
This is the distribution map that the AHGA has chosen to adopt (see AHGA report, pages iv, 43).
It shows the predicted spread of the British Isles bumblebee subspecies, Bombus terrestris audax, in Australia. CLIMEX study author, Dr McClay, says this distribution is based on the unproven assumption that B. t. audax is an 'extreme climatic specialist' (AHGA report, page 88).
However, Dr McClay says this 'should be considered as an absolute minimum estimate of the potential range of this subspecies in Australia' (AHGA report, page 88).
Or The Larger Distribution on the Right?
This map shows the predicted spread of the main bumblebee species, Bombus terrestris, in Australia. CLIMEX study author, Dr McClay, says, 'It should be expected that B. terrestris audax would be able to establish in broader areas of Australia, possibly approaching the limits predicted [in this larger distribution]' (AHGA report, page 88).
The AHGA rejects this larger distribution, saying that bumblebees will not spread into warmer areas because of their diapause needs. Their argument is largely based on research by Dr Madeleine Beekman (University of Sydney) but Dr Beekman disputes their interpretation of her results.
Why Does Dr Beekman Dispute the AHGA Diapause Argument?
Bumblebees usually survive freezing cold winter conditions in their native countries by going into a hibernation state called diapause. The AHGA argues that this diapause behaviour might limit the northern spread of feral bumblebees in Australia.
The AHGA's argument (AHGA report, pages 45, 117):
AHGA Claim -- B. terrestris audax bumblebee queens must go through diapause before they can produce eggs and viable colonies.
AHGA Claim -- This required period of diapause involves spending a considerable period of time at temperatures between zero and five degrees Celcius.
AHGA Claim -- Research by Dr Beekman shows that, without diapause, queens produce substandard colonies that would become seriously weakened and die out.
AHGA Conclusion -- Therefore, these bumblebees will be unable to survive in warmer areas of Australia.
Dr Beekman's reply:
The AHGA is misinterpreting Dr Beekman's research.
Bumblebees do not necessarily have to go through diapause before breeding. Dr Beekman points out that there are several accounts of bumblebee queens producing new colonies without going through diapause (Tasei 1994, Buttermore 1997, Beekman et al. 1999, Beekman & van Stratum 2000).
Furthermore, bumblebees can both enter and leave diapause at warm temperatures.
Dr Beekman actually bred four lines of bumblebees that were able to produce colonies without going through diapause. She said these colonies were certainly not substandard but in fact produced more queens and males than the colonies headed by 'normal' queens.
Dr Beekman concludes that she has no reason to believe that the spread of feral bumblebees would be restricted in the way that the AHGA claims.
Why Does the CLIMEX Study Author Think the Smaller Distribution is Unrealistic?
The author of the CLIMEX study, Dr McClay, says, 'this model is not intended as a realistic interpretation of the climatic requirements of B. terrestris ssp. audax...' (AHGA report, page 93).
He says this subspecies is mainly restricted to the British Isles by the North Sea and the English Channel, not by climate. So there is no direct evidence to prove that this species can only survive in places where the climate is similar to the British Isles.
Dr McClay concludes that this smaller distribution 'represents an absolute minimum predicted range for this subspecies in Australia' (AHGA report, page 95).
Aussie Bee's Conclusion
Sadly, if feral bumblebees do become established on mainland Australia, their range will probably approach the larger distribution shown in the right hand map. Within this massive distribution, feral bumblebees would have the opportunity to cause a great deal of harm, impacting our flora and fauna and spreading agricultural weeds.
References and Further Reading
Beekman, M., and van Stratum, P. (2000). Does the diapause experience of bumblebee queens Bombus terrestris affect colony characteristics? Ecological Entomology 25, 1-6.
Beekman, M., van Stratum, P., and Lingeman, R. (1998). Diapause survival and post-diapause performance in bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 89, 207-214.
Beekman, M., van Stratum, P., and Veerman, A. (1999). Selection for non-diapause in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, with notes on the effect of inbreeding. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 93, 69-75.
Buttermore, R. E. (1997). Observations of successful Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies in southern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Entomology 36, 251-254.
Tasei, J. N. (1994). Effect of different narcosis procedures on initiating oviposition of prediapausing Bombus terrestris queens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 72, 273-279.
Related articles:
Help stop the importation of European bumblebees!
A detailed analysis of the AHGA report
What harm could exotic bumblebees do in Australia?
Bumblebees and invasive weeds
The native bee alternative to the bumblebee
How to identify a bumblebee
Have you seen a bumblebee on the Australian mainland?
An Australian Native Bee Research Centre Update
May 2006
© 1997-2006 Australian Native Bee Research Centre
PO Box 74, North Richmond NSW 2754, Australia
